怎么样正确理解英语的独立主格结构
1、弄清独立主格结构的特征
独立主格结构是一个名词或代词（作为逻辑主语），加上一个形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等在句中作状语。它有以下三个特征：
1. 独立主格结构的逻辑主语与句子的主语不同，它独立存在。
2. 名词或代词与后面的形容词、副词、介词短语、分词、不定式等存在逻辑上的主谓关系。
3. 独立主格结构一般用逗号与主句分开，但与主句之间不可以用任何连接词。
2、把握独立主格结构形式
1. 名词（代词）+目前分词
We shall play the match tomorrow, weather permitting. 明天假设天气好，大家就进行比赛。
The question being settled, we went home. 问题解决之后，大家就回家了。
The monitor being ill, we’d better put the meeting off. 班长病了，大家最好还是延期开会吧。
2. 名词（代词）+过去分词
The job finished, we went home. 工作结束后大家就回家了。
The last bus having gone, we had to walk home. 最后一班公车已经走了，大家需要走路回家。
More time given, we should have done the job much better. 假如给大家更多的时间，大家会把工作做得更好。
3. 名词（代词）+不定式
Nobody to come tomorrow, we will have to put off the meeting till next week. 假如明天无人来，大家将把会议推迟到下周。
So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed. 有这样多的人来帮助他，他必然会成功的。
4. 名词（代词）+介词短语
A girl came in, book in hand. 一个少女进去了，手里拿着书。
4. 名词（代词）+形容词或副词
She sat at the table, collar off, head down, and pen in position, ready to begin the long letter. 她坐在桌前，衣领已解掉，头低了下来，拿好钢笔，筹备开始写一封长信。
5. There being +名词（代词）
There being nothing else to do, we went home. 没别的事可做，大家就回家了。
There being no further business, I declare the meeting closed. 没再要讨论的事了，我宣布散会。
6. It being +名词（代词）
It being Christmas, the government offices were closed. 因为圣诞的原故，政府机关都休息。
It being a holiday, all the shops were shut. 因为今天是假日，所有商店都关门了。
注：独立主格结构有时可在其前加上介词with。如：
Don’t sleep with the windows open. 别开着窗睡觉。
He stood before his teacher with his head down. 他低着头站在老师面前。
He was lying on the bed with all his clothes on. 他和衣躺在床上。
She came in with a book in her hand. 她手里拿着一本书走了进去。
The old woman sat therewith a basket beside her. 这位老太婆坐在那儿，身边放着一个篮子。
He fell asleep with the lamp burning. 他没熄灯就睡着了。
I won’t be able to go on holiday with my mother being ill. 由于母亲有病，我没办法去度假。
He sat there with his eyes closed. 他闭目坐在那儿。
All the afternoon he worked with the door locked. 整个下午他都锁着门在房里工作。
I can’t go out with all these clothes to wash. 要洗这类衣服，我没办法出去了。
3、记住独立主格结构的使用方法
独立主格结构主要表示谓语动词发生的时间、缘由、条件或随着状况等，等于一个状语从句或并列句。
1. 用作时间状语
The work done , we went home. 工作完成后，大家就回家了。
2. 用作条件状语
Weather permitting , they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow. 假如天气允许的话，他们将在明天组织一次海滨小游。
3. 用作缘由状语
An important lecture to be given tomorrow , the professor has to stay up late into the night. 由于明天要发表一个要紧的演讲，教授不能不熬夜到非常晚。
4. 用作随着状语
He was lying on the grass, his hands crossed under his head .他躺在草地上，两手交叉枕在脑后。
5. 表示补充说明
A hunter came in, his face red with cold . 一个猎人走了进去，他的脸冻得通红。
We redoubled our efforts, each man working like two. 大家加倍努力，一个人干两个人的活。
注：独立主格结构表示时间、条件或缘由时，等于一个状语从句，一般放在句首，表示缘由时还可放在句末；表随着情况或补充说明时，等于一个并列句，一般放于句末。
4、注意独立主格结构几个错点
1. 当状语从句的主语与主句的主语不是指同一个对象时，可用独立主格结构取代状语从句，但不再保留连词。如：
After class was over , the students soon left the classroom.下课后，学生非常快离开了课室。
2. 在下列两种状况下，独立主格结构中的being（或having been）不可以省略：
独立主格的逻辑主语是代词时。如：
It being Sunday, we went to church.由于是星期天，大家去了做礼拜。
在There being＋名词的结构中。如：
There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.由于没公共汽车，所以大家不能不步行回家。
3. 在“名词（或代词）＋介词短语”构成的独立主格结构中，一般不需要形容词性物主代词和冠词。如：
Miss Smith entered the classroom, book in hand.史密斯先生走进了课室，手里拿着一本书。
比较with的复合结构：Miss Smith entered the classroom, with a book in his hand.
4. 独立主格结构没所有格形式。如：
The chief-editor arriving, we began the meeting. 主编来了，大家开始开会。
比较动名词复合结构：
The chief-editor’s arriving made us very surprised.
5. 独立主格结构作时间或缘由状语时，可用完成时，表示该动作发生在谓语之前。如：
The listeners having taken their seats, the concert began.听众坐好后，音乐会开始了。
Tom having been late over and over, his boss was very disappointed.因为汤姆一再迟到，他的老板很失望。
